The infection itself is a health threat and when it becomes coinfection, the health problems multiply several times. Likewise, coinfection of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major public health concern worldwide. Both TB and HIV have become global health hazards. Alone these diseases are known to cause havoc in the patient’s life, imagine how unbearable the effects would be if a patient is infected by both bacteria at the same time. The two diseases often occur together, posing a dangerous situation for those who are co-infected. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. When an individual has both diseases, they are said to be co-infected with TB and HIV.

Prevalence of TB and HIV Coinfection

Coinfection of TB and HIV is a significant issue in developing countries where both diseases are prevalent. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2019, approximately 30% of the people suffering from HIV died after contracting TB. Sadly, TB is the leading cause of death among people with HIV/AIDS worldwide. With the immune system being compromised as a result of HIV/AIDS, the patient catches all kinds of infections. Because TB is one of the many common and deadly bacterial infections in India, it becomes one of the leading causes of death for HIV patients.

The immune system is weakened by HIV, making it difficult to fight off TB, which can be a deadly combination. Additionally, TB can accelerate the progression of HIV to AIDS, leading to more severe symptoms and complications. It is, therefore, crucial to diagnose and treat both diseases early.

Symptoms of TB and HIV Infections

Symptoms of TB and HIV coinfection can vary depending on the stage of the disease.

TB Symptoms	HIV Symptoms
Bad cough (lasting over two weeks)Pain in the patient’s chestCoughing up blood or sputum (mucus)Fatigue or weaknessLoss of appetite is seenWeight loss reportedChills Mild fever Night sweats	Mild feverChillsRashNight sweatsMuscle achesSore throatFatigueSwollen lymph nodesMouth ulcers

It is recommended for any HIV patient to get a routine check-up to make sure he’s being treated for all the additive and opportunistic infections that may have been raised due to weak immunity. Persistent cough or any other persistent symptoms call for a meeting with the doctor to test for TB.

Prevention of TB and HIV Coinfection

Preventing TB and HIV coinfection involves a multi-pronged approach. Individuals can reduce their risk of contracting TB by practising good hygiene, avoiding close contact with people who have TB, and getting vaccinated against TB. Reducing the risk of HIV involves practising safe sex, avoiding needle sharing, and getting tested for HIV regularly. Additionally, programs aimed at reducing the spread of TB and HIV in high-risk populations, such as people living in poverty or those with weakened immune systems, can help to prevent coinfection.

Diagnosis of TB and HIV Infections

Diagnosing TB and HIV coinfection can be challenging since the symptoms can resemble those of other illnesses. A healthcare professional typically performs a physical exam and orders tests such as a chest X-ray, sputum culture, and blood tests to confirm the presence of both diseases.

Treatment of TB and HIV Coinfection

Treating TB and HIV coinfection involves a combination of medications to treat both diseases simultaneously. TB treatment typically involves a regimen of antibiotics that must be taken for several months to ensure the infection is fully eradicated. While HIV treatment involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps to suppress the virus and strengthen the immune system. Individuals with TB and HIV coinfection need to receive treatment from a qualified healthcare provider who is experienced in managing both diseases.

Takeaways

TB and HIV coinfection is a severe health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Thus, individuals must understand the risks associated with both diseases and take steps to reduce the risk of coinfection.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing TB and HIV coinfection. Healthcare providers play a critical role in providing appropriate care to those who are coinfected. Paying attention to being aware of the diseases, their symptoms, prevention and treatment and the early signs can reduce the impact of TB and HIV coinfection on individuals and communities worldwide.